In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo

We've all heard the tale told so many times it's boring. How a local strongman poorly equipped for political or economic leadership manages via brutality and cunning to circumvent whatever the political process of the day is in order to install himself as totalitarian dictator of an otherwise impoverished nation. And it's perhaps that rolling of the eyes many of us get when hearing of it happening yet again, that deep breath as you try to stifle some politically incorrect utterance that makes this such an important book. Because I feel it is. I was a total layman in respect to this Mobuto chap, I only bought the book because it was reviewed in a travel magazine I was reading. Yet the author has walked the fine line between boring me to tears with too much detail and making me feel cheated by not including enough.

The overall situation of the country is discussed, the rise of Mobutu is talked about, the guy is to a certain extent humanised by the authors assertion that he can and should at times be viewed through the prism of a traditional African tribal strong man looking after his followers. Or lackeys. The chronology of the descent into economic madness and Mobotus' inability to grasp that he had no clue and to at least instal economically competent people into the corrct positions of authority is laid bare for all to see. The seemingly inevitable fracturing of society and support - usually based (drum roll please) on tribal affiliations if not at least geographic ones is also shown and the reader is left to experience a taste of the exasperation that must of been the lot of any foreign company trying to do business with such a mixture of volatile politics and seemingly wilful stupidity.

I found this book from the title down to be an interesting proposition. Literary yet not condescending, straight forward yet brimming with detail and the authors enthusiasm for her subject did come through. For those fascinated with post colonial Africa or anyone likely to be posted there for work this would be an illuminating read.

Just finished reading this. Wow. It should be required reading for anyone wanting to learn about the Congo/Zaire.

This is a mostly fascinating on-the-ground report of the waning years and immediate aftermath of Mobutu Sese Seko's incompetent dictatorship in Zaire (Congo). Michela Wrong offers a well-rounded journalistic report that digs into the bizarre depths of kleptocracy, as the potentially prosperous Zaire was bled dry while Mobutu and his ever-shifting gang of cronies and yes-men lived in ridiculous luxury, oblivious as their subjects suffered some of the worst poverty and hardship on Earth. Wrong gains plenty of insight into Mobutu's style of governance, as he spread favors around egregiously and played other powers off each other in an increasingly paranoid effort to maintain his own influence, stealing or blowing away untold billions of dollars in the process. Wrong also reports on the aftermath of Mobutu's pathetic downfall, as a convoluted series of atrocities related to the genocide in tiny Rwanda eventually led to the replacement of Mobutu's kleptocracy with Kabila's thugocracy.

There is a running theme, which Wrong could have dwelled upon more, about how the ugly history of European colonialism and exploitation has forever wrecked the ability of Africa's peoples to build their own functioning societies, while Zaire suffered the tragic fate of a home-grown dictator who ruined his people as badly as the colonialists did. Cold War politics and shifting loyalties in endless proxy wars added to the misery. The tail end of the book gets a bit messy as well, degenerating into disconnected chapters on various items of interest, as Wrong's writing takes on some of the disjointed chaos that plagued the country itself during Mobutu's downfall. The British slang and grammatical patterns of Wrong's writing style can also lead to some confusion for American readers. But despite missed opportunities to dwell on some crucial historical lessons, here we get an engaging history of a dictator who is fascinating in his ineptitude and corruption. [~doomsdayer520~]

Anyone who wants to understand the Congo should read two books, Michela Wrong's In The Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz and King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild. I also heartily recommend both books to anyone studying Conrad's Heart of Darkness, which is too seldom seen as an historic account as well as a literary novel. Wrong and Hochschild explain why the last 100 years of bloody tyranny in possibly the most mineral-rich country on earth has laid the groundwork for 100 more.

Hochschild gives us the first half of the century, when King Leopold II of Belgium, a man whose inferiority complex knows no bottom and whose greed no limits, jumps into the feeding frenzy for colonies and comes up gripping the very heart of Africa, the vast area around the Congo River and it's tributaries that would later become the Belgian Congo, then Zaire, and today is the Democratic Republic of Congo. This is also the setting for my novel, Heart of Diamonds: A Novel of Scandal, Love and Death in the Congo. Wrong covers this era also, but in less depth, helpfully referring readers to Hochschild for the full story.

Where she picks up steam, though, is with Joseph Desire Mobutu, better known as Mobutu Sese Seko, who became the archetype African strongman dictator. She paints a remarkably nuanced portrait of the man, exposing not just his brutality but his cunning; his charm as well as his lust for power. Wrong witnessed Mobutu's last days and tells us how he ultimately lost control of the nation he ruled for over thirty years.

Mobutu didn't rise to office on his good looks and winning personality--he was essentially put there by the CIA. He also didn't retain power simply because he was good at exercising it; France, Belgium, and the United States, not to mention the World Bank, kept him there with military support and an endless stream of dollars. The tale of how he played the First World like a violin is fascinating. Mobutu's nationalization of foreign-owned assets and his machinations with the White House sparked several plot elements in Heart of Diamonds: A Novel of Scandal, Love and Death in the Congo.

Wrong gives us a highly readable account of Mobutu's demise. "The Leopard" as he was known, had grown increasingly distracted and detached from his power base. In the last years, he spent most of his time in the Xanadu he constructed in Gbadolite in the middle of the equatorial forest, leaving the country's affairs to a network of cronies and relatives who plundered the nation in his name. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 set the stage for his downfall. Mobutu sided with the Hutus, and when he ordered the Tutsi refugees who had fled into Zaire to leave under pain of death in 1996, Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi joined forces to drive him from office.

Wrong also explains how Laurent Kabila picked up where Mobutu left off as ruler and manipulating despot. Unfortuantely for the reader, her account was published before Kabila's own assassination in 2001.

Paired with Adam Hochschild's well-researched history, King Leopold's Ghost, Michela Wrong's book gives the reader a better understanding of this deeply troubled nation.

Michela Wrong is one of those liberal journalists who blame 99% of Africa's 'problems' on the European colonial regimes and the European and American 'neo-colonial' interventions. Her book does provide a very good glimpse into the doings and crimes of Mobutu and his relatives and cronies, but excuses most of it away by referencing the colonialists who went before. Ditto for his successor Kabila of course, although the focus is mainly on Mobutu.

The United States, the World Bank, and the IMF are blasted as participants in all the corruption and downgoing of Congo/Zaire because they provided countless millions in aid money. The money was given to Mobutu in the hope that it would be used improve the economy and aid development, but of course most of it wound up being slotted into Swiss bank accounts or into the purchase of villas in the Riviera.

If these vast sums had NOT been given, the author would of course have led the pack in condemning the USA, WB, and IMF for not giving the money to help Africa, as if only they had then it would not be in the mess it is. And so on, we know the refrain by now, don't we?

Wrong brings up the Cold War as yet another dire consequence for Congo, it becoming a victim of competing world powers grabbing for its resources and influence over the region. It doesn't occur to her that really it was a tremendous boon, in that it meant that countries like that could soak up billions in handouts from the West and eyes averted from African crimes and despotism. Big chiefs like Mobutu massively exploited the West and could not have done so as deeply as without the Cold War.

I lived in Africa for twelve years and saw several countries go from colonialism to post-colonial darkness under one despotic regime or another. I have run into plenty of Michela Wrongs there, who think they understand Africa but really just can not get past their own biases.

Yes, colonialism in Congo under the Belgians did have its share of abuses. But for most Congolese it was a good thing in that it meant jobs, education, modern agriculture, medicine, order, and the building up of a functional, modern nation. The problem is that the Belgians LEFT - at the demands of wannabe despots and liberal journalists like Wrong of course - and the grasping, bloody hands that took over utterly ruined the place. And of course it has been about the same all across Africa: darkness followed by colonialism as a brief ray of light, and what came after a return to the darkness.

So why did I give this book four stars? Because of the fairly accurate portrait of those post-colonial grasping, bloody hands. There is plenty of detail on how the billions got stolen, how the economic infrastructure was pillaged away to nothing, and how the whole population was returned to about the level of the stone age which is where the Belgians first found them.

Two last notes -

Firstly, Wrong's continual reference to Mr. Kurtz and Conrad's novella 'Heart of Darkness' seems way out of place. Mobutu was no Kurtz, period. Mobutu's head would have been just another adornment on Kurtz's front gate up the river. And Conrad could not have even imagined how horrendous the post-colonial Africa would become.

Secondly, she claims that Stanley was called 'Breaker of Rocks' for his brutality towards the various Congolese tribes he encountered. That is not true. He was far less severe towards the tribes than they were to each other, and the 'breaker of rocks' comes from his construction work of the railway across Congo - the endless rocky areas which he blasted and hacked away, amazing his African laborers along the way.

Overall, I recommend this book, readers should just disregard Wrong's trendy liberal-left biases.