a.
Different meanings can only be used in different structures, because it is the structures themselves (and the words in them) that change the final meaning of the sentence. If you analyze any sentence with 'any' in it, you will always be able to find that <ANY == NOT NONE == NOT NOT ONE> The meaning of ANY will NEVER CHANGE! The impact of ANY on the sentence changes based on your structure (pay attention to other negatives, and tense)
b.
"A man who can resist ANYTHING except temptation is very likely to end up in prison. "
::I mean that IN THE CASE OF THIS SENTENCE, 'anything' means all things.
Your paraphrase, "he can resist all things," does not deal with "...except temptation is very likely to end up in prison"
A paraphrase of the whole sentence (you know I hate this sentence, and here's why:) would read:
"A man who can resist all things except temptation is very likely to end up in prison"
>>
"Most men are likely to end up in prison!!!!!"
'in this case' means how it is used in the sentence (positive, future possible)
ANY becomes ALL because:
Any things that happen in the future become all things that happen in the future - none of these things have happened yet. (any = not none!)
I am now suggesting in even stronger terms that you LOOK AT A DIFFERENT SENTENCE!! This is not a sentence that an english speaker would use. It is a bastardized version of a toungue-in-cheek expression, which was originally meant to be a funny joke. It has almost no relevance to the real world.
You may wish to explore what this really means (paraphrase it):
"I can resist anything/everything except temptation itself"
but you will find a good understanding of any word, not just this one, if you look at as many different sentences as possible that use it. Just try googling the word 'any' and see what comes up, and see whether or not you can understand the sentences in the pages returned by google.