"more catholic than the pope", how do you express without the catholic reference
As the expression is normally used of someone who is a very committed Roman Catholic, it is hard to see how we can leave out the catholic reference.
You could change Catholic and Pope to something different if it were relevant. You could use Manchester United and Alex Ferguson as a pairing for a fanatical Man Utd supporter, for instance, but if you take the Catholicism out of the original sentence, there's nothing left.