had to

[navi tasan]

1-He had to finish his work last week.
Does "1" imply that he did finish his work last week?

2-He had to hand in his article by now.
3-He has to have handed in his article by now.

Are "2" and "3" both correct?
Do they necessarily imply that he has handed in his article?

[SoothingDave]

1. Not necessarily. He had to finish his work last week. Unfortunately, he fell ill and was not able to.

2. OK, but I would probably say "already" instead of "by now."

3. It's an OK sentence, but I'm not sure if it means what you think it means. This construction would be used for something like "He's 5 years old. He has to have learned to tie his shoes by now!"

[navi tasan]

Thank you SoothingDave.

Or maybe something like:

He started working on that two page article a monty ago. He has to have handed in his article by now.



Gratefully.
Navi