In the US, the small plastic recepticle you place under your desk is called a
wastebasket.
The term for a larger waste recepticle in the US actually depends upon your geographic location (people in New England call it something different from those folks in the South). However, the typical names are
garbage can,
trash can, and
rubbish can. The very large recepticles found in parking lots behind office buildings and restaurants (that can only be emptied by a special truck) are called
dumpsters.
I'm pretty sure that
dustbin is strictly a British term.