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Definition: A group of words that form a constituent of a sentence and are considered as a single unit.
Example: Apposition. Two typically adjacent nouns referring to the same person or thing stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence. For example, in "the rally of the opposition Labor Party", "Labor Party" is in apposition with "opposition".
Example: Adjunct. A clause or phrase added to a sentence that, while not essential to the sentence's structure, amplifies its meaning. For example, in
We waited for several hours.
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