remind etc.

[jiang]

Dear teachers,

I have four questions to ask:

No.1
She is reported_________.
a. as saying b. saying
The key is 'a'. Is the structure of this phrase the same as 'as follows'?

No.2
Research has also been ________ into the way people's behavior changes in a number of small ways.
a. done b. made
The key is 'a'. But in my dictionary there are also examples of ' make research into'. Could you please explain why 'b' isn't correct here?

No.3
It is not one gesture __________ that gives the liar away.
a. alone b. only c. singly
The key is 'a'. No problem. I think the reason for it is 'alone' can be put after a noun but 'b' and 'c' can't. Is that right?

No.4
__________ the newspaper is easier to read.
a. Always b. Usually
The key is 'b'. No problem. Here 'Usually' modifies the whole sentence. 'a' isn't correct because 'Always can't be put at the beginning of a sentence to modify the whole sentence. Is that right?

Looking forward to hearing from you.
Thank you in advance.

Jiang

[Casiopea]

No.1
a. as saying <another way of saying as having said, to have said>

Note, report (vb.), to repeat, as what one has heard. Source

No.2
Research has also been made into the way people's behavior changes...
b. made <conducted; advanced>

Ex: "Research has been made into the capability of "networks of workstations", and their performance compared to supercomputers."

The key, however, isn't b. made, it's a. done. The reason, probably, is that the phrase make into, while not a phrasal verb in No.2, could read like one. Phrasal make into, to turn something into something else; to change its form and/or meaning. Ambiguity.

No.3 <I've modified the sentence>
A gesture alone gives the liar away.
=> Hint: What does alone modify that singly cannot? How do alone and only differ semantically in that context?

No.4
"Always can't be put at the beginning of a sentence to modify the whole sentence."

All the best.

[jiang]

&
Dear Cas,
I understand No.1 and No.4 now.
No.2
In this context I don't think 'make into' can be ambiguious. Did you mean research can be made into certain result?

No.3
I am trying to explain the difference:
'singly' means one gesture or one action of gesture. 'Alone' can mean ' a type of' excluding others. Is that right?

Looking forward to hearing from you.
Thank you in advance.

Jiang

No.1
a. as saying <another way of saying as having said, to have said>

Note, report (vb.), to repeat, as what one has heard. Source

No.2
Research has also been made into the way people's behavior changes...
b. made <conducted; advanced>

Ex: "Research has been made into the capability of "networks of workstations", and their performance compared to supercomputers."

The key, however, isn't b. made, it's a. done. The reason, probably, is that the phrase make into, while not a phrasal verb in No.2, could read like one. Phrasal make into, to turn something into something else; to change its form and/or meaning. Ambiguity.

No.3 <I've modified the sentence>
A gesture alone gives the liar away.
=> Hint: What does alone modify that singly cannot? How do alone and only differ semantically in that context?

No.4
"Always can't be put at the beginning of a sentence to modify the whole sentence."

All the best.

[Casiopea]

No.2
In this context I don't think 'make into' can be ambiguious.

Right, because make into is not a phrasal verb in that context, but some readers might think it is. Notice, moreover, that in our example No.2 make into is followed by a clause, whereas in the example I provided, which was from an online source, make into is followed by a noun phrase. In short, can the preposition into take a clause as its object?

No.3
I am trying to explain the difference:
'singly' means one gesture or one action of gesture. 'Alone' can mean ' a type of' excluding others. Is that right?

Singly, alone, and only all function as adverbs. The latter two, alone and only, also function as adjectives, but they mean different things.

[jiang]

Dear Cas,
I still feel confused. If ' do research into' in my example can be followed by a clause why can't 'make into' be followed by a clause which is introduced by 'the way'?
It's hard to see the difference between 'alone' and 'only'.
alone: only or without any others
only: a single one or very few of something, or that there are no others
'Alone' goes after a noun while 'only' should go in front of a noun. Is that right?

Looking forward to hearing from you.
Jiang

Right, because make into is not a phrasal verb in that context, but some readers might think it is. Notice, moreover, that in our example No.2 make into is followed by a clause, whereas in the example I provided, which was from an online source, make into is followed by a noun phrase. In short, can the preposition into take a clause as its object?

Singly, alone, and only all function as adverbs. The latter two, alone and only, also function as adjectives, but they mean different things.

[Philly]

Hi Jiang

I have to admit that I find it puzzling that Cas would accept (prefer?) 'made research' as a collocation.
I wouldn't even consider using it in your sentence. The standard combination is "do research on/into something".

[jiang]

Dear Philly,

In my dictionary I found both. So I think at least both are correct. Is that right?

Looking forward to hearing from you.

Jiang

Hi Jiang

I have to admit that I find it puzzling that Cas would accept (prefer?) 'made research' as a collocation.
I wouldn't even consider using it in your sentence. The standard combination is "do research on/into something".

[Philly]

Hi Jiang

Which dictionary do you use? Does it give sample sentences for the usage of "make research"?

[jiang]

A New English-Chinese Dctionary and A Dictionary of Current English Usage compiled by Chinese scholars. Do you mean they are mistakes?
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Thank you in advance.

Jiang

Hi Jiang

Which dictionary do you use? Does it give sample sentences for the usage of "make research"?

[Casiopea]

Hi Jiang

I have to admit that I find it puzzling that Cas would accept (prefer?) 'made research' as a collocation.

Perplexing, indeed. It's not a collocation. Research is the subject and made happens to be its verb. Could you direct me to where it's stated that made research is a collocation?

Here are but a few examples for research has been made into:

Ex: Extensive research has been made into... MIT Press

Ex: As regards spoken Italian, research has been made into the frequency of ... UCLA Working Papers

PROCEDURES & METHODS
Language used:

The product has the following functions…
The main task/function of the product/software/hardware/design etc is to…
The most important features of … are:
More research has been made into … something or this problem …
The above/presented facts show that …
Statistical tables/graphs/diagrams are provided and
demonstrate/illustrate that …