Meanings of some words

Hello dear teachers
I am now translating a text .. I faced some problems with some words .. could anyone please help me and give me the meanings of the following words
here is the text .. I just need the words I bolded in red

2.4.4.5 Lateral displacement resistance of various sleeper types
2.4.4.6 Lateral displacement resistance of various ballast types
The lateral displacement resistance depends on the quality of the ballast. The following approximate values apply:
• round gravel, not fractured reduction: 30-35%
« round gravel, fractured like ballast of grain size 1
• fine ballast (10x30) reduction: 5-10%
• coarse ballast (80x150) increase: 20%
• superelevated shoulder increase 40-60%
figure 16 shows the schematic distribution of force from wheel to subsoil. Based on the pressure of the sleeper on the ballast


The influence of the permanent-way condition (wear, fastening, track position) and of driving speed is


please please .. I will be grateful if anyone can help me with these words

Sleeper
A beam spanning the track which is used to support the rails. Originally wooden but concrete sleepers are generally used now. Steel sleepers have also been used occasionally.

Ballast
Hard core used to provide a stable base and good drainage for the track. Typically granite Chipping's between 1-2 inches diameter are used, although other materials are not uncommon.

Shoulder
The raised edge of the ballast.

Wear
noun: impairment resulting from long use (Example: "The tires showed uneven wear")

Sources
http://www.glue-it.com/trains/glos_frm.html
Rail Dictionary, Glossary and Terms directory.

:-);-)

You will know from the rest of the text that these words are to do with railways and building a railway line.

sleeper : one of the wooden or concrete beams laid at right angles to, and under, a railway line to support it.

sleepers, and so also the railway lines they support, are laid on top of, and surrounded by gravel ballast. This is necessary to keep the line rigid and in place - those lines carry a lot of weight at fast speeds, with potential to really shake the lines about.

Thanks so so much for both of you kak Soup and kak David ( kak is a kurdish word means brother ) for your help :-):-):-)

Quote:

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Originally Posted by herbiji

Thanks so so much for both of you kak Soup and kak David ( kak is a kurdish word means brother ) for your help :-):-):-)

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Um, Soup happens to be female.
;-)

OOOps , sorry ... Thanks xoshka soup :-D( xoshka means sister )

hello everyone
I come now with new words
can any1 please help me please
I know what do these words mean but when I come to translate them I find difficulty :oops::oops:

• fine ballast (10x30) reduction: 5-10%
• coarse ballast (80x150) increase: 20%
• superelevated shoulder increase 40-60%