Since you mentioned God, I'm assuming your question stems from the Bible and the story of the tower of Babel. Interestingly enough, the are similar stories in other religions so the myth isn't unique just to Judeo-Christian religions. (Brahma does something similar in Hindu lore.)
I haven't really got the answer about all language having verbs, nouns, adjective etc. but I will try to know. Should I put sites I know?
I am not a fan of Chomsky.
Do they have verb, noun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and adjective? It's kinda strange how we are all humans but we have different languages.
we have things like gerunds, which are verbs used as nouns, and present and past participle verb forms can be used as adjectives.
He's unavoidable as a linguist, though. Whether you agree or disagree with him, he is huge, simply because of the challenges he throws out, which take some refuting. His second career is a different beast.
No. Similarities between languages are the exception, not the norm.
Some languages form questions simply by intonation, others with clitics, others with case endings, others by word order, others with affixes - there are dozens if not hundreds of ways of forming questions.
To me, Even if someone is huge they might be wrong sometimes.
Definitely, but that doesn't mean that they're not still worth reading, and in Chomsky's case, I feel that many of his ideas are good.
Can every language be translated?