I thought it was 'a chequered pattern' or even 'a checkered pattern', but not 'a check pattern'. The latter must be the time-saving version!
Chequered (BrE) was rarely, if ever used in that sense for cloth. Its use, at least as far as can be judged from the example sentences in the full OED, appeared to be mainly when an overt comparison to an (ex)chequer board was being made. We still, however, have the
chequered flag in motor racing.
The OED gives an entry for
checked with reference to the pattern on a cloth as far back as1536. It also cites Smolletts'
check shirts, 1748.