Since you mentioned God, I'm assuming your question stems from the Bible and the story of the tower of Babel. Interestingly enough, the are similar stories in other religions so the myth isn't unique just to Judeo-Christian religions. (Brahma does something similar in Hindu lore.)
There is a field of linguistics referred to as historical linguistics, and as Tdol mentioned, there are those who are trying to prove the existence of a universal language, or monogenesis.
To learn more about the concept of Universal Grammar, do some research into the work and writings of Noam Chomsky. He's generally credited with the concept.
It is generally accepted that most Indo-European languages have derived from a larger initial language referred to As Proto-Indo-European, although there are some languages, referred to as language isolates, that can't be connected to PIE.
There is speculation on a Proto-Word, language, but that's just speculation and not widely accepted, as is PIE.