It seems like you're trying to condense too much information into too few words. You can't expect a tense alone to convey everything you want to say.
When you say you've lost your phone, we don't know when it happened, but we know you don't have it anymore.
When you say you lost your phone, we know it happened some time ago, but we don't know whether managed to find it later. You may or may not have it now.
If you want to communicate more, you need to use more words. That's why other users have recommended wordier alternatives, because you're expecting more information to be communicated.
First of all. We are scrutinizing not "I have lost my phone" and "I lost my phone" but
1 Since I left London, I have lost my phone.
2 Since I left London, I lost my phone.
I fail to see the ground you rely on when you say this:
It seems like you're trying to condense too much information into too few words. You can't expect a tense alone to convey everything you want to say.
Why don't you have the same issue with
"Since I left London, I have lost my phone."?
Why is it that that sentence conveys "too much information with too few words"? Why don't you use extra words in this sentence?
If
"Since I left London, I have lost my phone." means that the phone is still missing, why is it impossible to come up with a similar sentence which would express the idea of the phone having been found?
That's what I don't understand.