Rachel Adams
Key Member
- Joined
- Nov 4, 2018
- Member Type
- Student or Learner
- Native Language
- Russian
- Home Country
- Georgia
- Current Location
- Georgia
These sentences are from an online exercise. It asks to use the appropriate forms of the gerund. In my book by Betty Schrampfer Azar "Understanding and Using English Grammar" I read that "the past gerund is used to emphasize that the action of the gerund took place before that of the main verb. However, often there is little difference in meaning between a simple gerund and a past gerund." A simple gerund is for example "saying" and past gerund is "having said". Right? Can I use either simple gerund or past gerund having+past participle in each example except for sentence #5?
1. "He sat down without saying /having said a word."
2. "He didn't go without being kissed/having been kissed by his mother." (Passive gerund)
3. "After having congratulated/after congratulating (to congratulate) he kissed all his relatives."
4. "After having dinner/ having had dinner she went to the nursery."
5. "The teacher was ashamed of not knowing the answer."
6. "The robber escaped without being noticed/without having been noticed." (Passive)
1. "He sat down without saying /having said a word."
2. "He didn't go without being kissed/having been kissed by his mother." (Passive gerund)
3. "After having congratulated/after congratulating (to congratulate) he kissed all his relatives."
4. "After having dinner/ having had dinner she went to the nursery."
5. "The teacher was ashamed of not knowing the answer."
6. "The robber escaped without being noticed/without having been noticed." (Passive)
Attachments
Last edited by a moderator: