Tom sat nodding in class because he didn’t sleep well last night.

[Alice Chu]

Please tell me if I am right.
The adverbial present participle refers to something happening at the same time as the preceding verb.
1) Tom sat nodding in class because he didn’t sleep well last night.
2) We need to be careful because danger comes smiling.
3) The twin sisters stood smiling at the camera.
4) After Lisa was punished, she went sobbing up the stairs.

 

[teechar]

Yes, but note:
- You need "nodding off" (not "nodding") in the first; they don't mean the same.
- The second sounds literary/poetic.