I think it's somewhat common to refer to one's visual acuity -e.g. 20/20, 20/30, 20/15, etc. I've at least heard it mentioned occasionally since there are sometimes standards for various licenses and jobs.
As for your actual eyeglass prescription, however - I doubt many people would know it, or even understand it. I've needed correction since I was a child, and to this day I couldn't tell you what my prescriptions ever were. I can't recall having heard anyone mention theirs, either.
If anyone wants to learn,
this page has a very understandable breakdown.
Sometimes people buy those over-the-counter non-prescription reading glasses, and might know what number they need for them. Apparently they're measured in something called 'diopters', but they're simply labeled as "+1", "+2" (in increments of .25), etc. Even then, it's usually just trial and error until you find the ones you like best, but I wouldn't be surprised if someone knew they needed "2.5 strength reading glasses".
I may grudgingly have to invest in my first pair one of these days. That lasik surgery performed in my early 20's has grown steadily less effective as the years pass.